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Numerous other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who want to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.Another widely known WISE-affiliated business is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications include Government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Federal government is a department of e. Republic that was established in 1999 - Scientology Perth. Internet ISP EarthLink was established by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology enterprise.
This area needs expansion. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or highly regarded people. Though it has actually attained some credibility as a faith in many nations, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and a business enterprise.
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For example, it has actually been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of website here Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet poll run by the governmental transition group getting public input for the inbound administration. Scientologists sign up.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Get More Info Guardian's Office (later on relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever perpetrated by an organization not associated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal activity committed by these offenders is of read this post here a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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Utilizing blank paper understood to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.