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Numerous other Scientologist-run organizations and organizations come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the usage of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires expansion. You can help by adding to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or highly regarded individuals. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has actually obtained some reliability as a religious beliefs in lots of countries, Scientology has also been referred to as both a cult and a commercial business.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game people it views as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming other Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web poll run by the presidential transition group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime committed by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unheard of. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive tactics in resolving those it sees as attempting to suppress them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing check it out blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb threats in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent click to investigate out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.